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Accounting Cycle: Debits and Credits

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Description: The most critical concept for any accounting student to master is an understanding of debits and credits. Many textbooks can be confusing, but this tutorial should put you on the right path.
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Double Entry Accounting System

In a double entry accounting system, a Debit is any entry recorded on the left and a Credit an entry recorded on the right.

Debits and credits do not mean a decrease or increase. Debits and Credits are recorded as positive numbers.

Each account in a company's general ledger (as identified in the chart of accounts) has two columns -- one for debits and one for credits. The type of account and which column the entry is posted in determines if it is a decrease or an increase.

The double entry requires each transaction to affect at least two entries, creating a balance within the system. Thus if one account is debited then another must be credited, allowing for a total of all debits and credits to be equal.

Balance Sheet Account quick reference:

Account Type

The type of account determines whether a debit or a credit is a loss or gain.

  • Assets (cash)
  • Liabilities (accounts payable)
  • Owner's Equity (retained earnings)

Debits

On the Left

  • gain +
  • loss -
  • loss -

Credits

On the Right

  • loss -
  • gain +
  • gain +

Income Statement Account quick reference

Revenue - Expenses = Income

Account Type

The type of account determines whether a debit or a credit is a loss or gain.

  • Revenue
  • Expenses
  • Income

Debits

On the Left

  • loss -
  • gain +
  • loss -

Credits

On the Right

  • gain +
  • loss -
  • gain +

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3 Presentation Comments

  1. Why is revenue considered a loss on the Debit side and a gain on the credit side?  I would first think that a revenue would be a gain on the debit side, not a loss?

     

    Thanks

    Jim M. Skinner on Saturday, 01 March 2008, 13:19 CST |

  2. That's a good question, Jim. I'd guess it's a balance thing. Revenue such as sales happens either for cash or accounts receivable; since both of those have increases on the debit side, then the revenue has to have its increase on the credit side. Everything has to balance.

    Speaking of which, I'd like to see what Professor Cram might have to say about this. (You want a fair and balanced answer, not my speculation!)

    Rudy on Saturday, 01 March 2008, 13:33 CST |

  3. Rudy made a good start at answering your question, Jim. Understanding debits and credits is generally not intuitive.

    Yes, Jim, Revenue is a good thing.  It is a gain to you. In fact, it is a credit to you, which is also a good thing. In the income statement side of things (which, maybe we should move up ahead of the balance sheet items in the presentation above) revenue coming in gives you a gain in the revenue  account which is marked as a credit. A debit to that account would take away from you. The problem comes with, having that concept firmly in hand (or head), the second entry in a double-entry system is an offsetting entry to keep the transaction in balance. It is still for a good thing, but it is in the other column. That good revenue credited income, and it has a debit effect to your balance sheet asset (cash or accounts receivable). Therefore debit is a good thing for assets. Those balance sheet accounts are opposite of the income statement accounts. If we didn't call them "debits and credits," but called them "left and right" entries it might be better for everybody. Unfortunately, they are what they are. The type of account determines whether a debit or a credit is a loss or gain. We thought it would be easier to learn if we showed them in tables. 

    Debits on the left, credits on the right. 

    Professor Cram on Saturday, 01 March 2008, 17:01 CST |

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